Atomic and sub-atomic charged particles, neutron and ionizing electro magnetic radiation detectors; electronic instruments and apparatus used for atomic and subatomic particle measurement, control, amplification and calibration; devices designed to simulate and permit calibration the above listed apparatus, instruments and devices; apparatus, instruments and devices to simulate, control or measure the thermal, gaseous-atmosphere and air density and environmental conditions of the forgoing apparatus, instruments and devices; apparatus, instruments and devices designed to generate charged particle beams and plasma from neutral gaseous atmospheres, and apparatus and instruments designed to amplify, modify and control such beams, all for applications in accelerators, solar wind simulation and ion propulsion; scientific apparatus, instruments and devices for use in connection with nuclear physics.;